Primary Amoebic Meningoencephalitis (PAM)

Primary Amoebic Meningoencephalitis (PAM) is a rare but deadly brain infection caused by a free-living amoeba called *Naegleria fowleri*, often referred to as the “brain-eating amoeba.” It lives in warm freshwater, soil, and poorly maintained pools or hot tubs.

How It Spreads
Infection happens when contaminated water enters the nose, usually during swimming or bathing. From there, the amoeba travels to the brain, causing serious damage. PAM mostly affects children and young people. In some cases, especially in infants, infection may occur through dust or soil, even without direct water exposure.

Symptoms and Diagnosis
Early symptoms include headache, fever, nausea, sore throat, and vomiting. It can quickly worsen, leading to seizures, hallucinations, and coma. Because PAM progresses rapidly and looks like other brain infections, it is hard to diagnose early. Molecular tests can help confirm the disease.

Situation in Kerala
Kerala reported its first case in 2016. In 2024, there were 36 cases and nine deaths. In 2025, three new cases were reported, including a three-month-old baby. The state has reduced the fatality rate from the global average of 97% to 25%, thanks to early diagnosis and improved treatment.

Treatment
There is no standard treatment, but doctors use combinations of antibiotics, antifungals, and supportive care. Early detection is key to improving survival chances.

Conclusion
PAM is a fast-acting and often deadly disease. Awareness, early diagnosis, and proper water safety can help reduce its impact. Kerala’s efforts in setting protocols and saving lives provide hope against this rare infection.